Module std::rc
[−]
[src]
Thread-local reference-counted boxes (the Rc<T>
type).
The Rc<T>
type provides shared ownership of an immutable value.
Destruction is deterministic, and will occur as soon as the last owner is
gone. It is marked as non-sendable because it avoids the overhead of atomic
reference counting.
The downgrade
method can be used to create a non-owning Weak<T>
pointer
to the box. A Weak<T>
pointer can be upgraded to an Rc<T>
pointer, but
will return None
if the value has already been dropped.
For example, a tree with parent pointers can be represented by putting the
nodes behind strong Rc<T>
pointers, and then storing the parent pointers
as Weak<T>
pointers.
Examples
Consider a scenario where a set of Gadget
s are owned by a given Owner
.
We want to have our Gadget
s point to their Owner
. We can't do this with
unique ownership, because more than one gadget may belong to the same
Owner
. Rc<T>
allows us to share an Owner
between multiple Gadget
s,
and have the Owner
remain allocated as long as any Gadget
points at it.
use std::rc::Rc; struct Owner { name: String // ...other fields } struct Gadget { id: i32, owner: Rc<Owner> // ...other fields } fn main() { // Create a reference counted Owner. let gadget_owner : Rc<Owner> = Rc::new( Owner { name: String::from("Gadget Man") } ); // Create Gadgets belonging to gadget_owner. To increment the reference // count we clone the `Rc<T>` object. let gadget1 = Gadget { id: 1, owner: gadget_owner.clone() }; let gadget2 = Gadget { id: 2, owner: gadget_owner.clone() }; drop(gadget_owner); // Despite dropping gadget_owner, we're still able to print out the name // of the Owner of the Gadgets. This is because we've only dropped the // reference count object, not the Owner it wraps. As long as there are // other `Rc<T>` objects pointing at the same Owner, it will remain // allocated. Notice that the `Rc<T>` wrapper around Gadget.owner gets // automatically dereferenced for us. println!("Gadget {} owned by {}", gadget1.id, gadget1.owner.name); println!("Gadget {} owned by {}", gadget2.id, gadget2.owner.name); // At the end of the method, gadget1 and gadget2 get destroyed, and with // them the last counted references to our Owner. Gadget Man now gets // destroyed as well. }
If our requirements change, and we also need to be able to traverse from
Owner → Gadget, we will run into problems: an Rc<T>
pointer from Owner
→ Gadget introduces a cycle between the objects. This means that their
reference counts can never reach 0, and the objects will remain allocated: a
memory leak. In order to get around this, we can use Weak<T>
pointers.
These pointers don't contribute to the total count.
Rust actually makes it somewhat difficult to produce this loop in the first
place: in order to end up with two objects that point at each other, one of
them needs to be mutable. This is problematic because Rc<T>
enforces
memory safety by only giving out shared references to the object it wraps,
and these don't allow direct mutation. We need to wrap the part of the
object we wish to mutate in a RefCell
, which provides interior
mutability: a method to achieve mutability through a shared reference.
RefCell
enforces Rust's borrowing rules at runtime. Read the Cell
documentation for more details on interior mutability.
use std::rc::Rc; use std::rc::Weak; use std::cell::RefCell; struct Owner { name: String, gadgets: RefCell<Vec<Weak<Gadget>>>, // ...other fields } struct Gadget { id: i32, owner: Rc<Owner>, // ...other fields } fn main() { // Create a reference counted Owner. Note the fact that we've put the // Owner's vector of Gadgets inside a RefCell so that we can mutate it // through a shared reference. let gadget_owner : Rc<Owner> = Rc::new( Owner { name: "Gadget Man".to_string(), gadgets: RefCell::new(Vec::new()), } ); // Create Gadgets belonging to gadget_owner as before. let gadget1 = Rc::new(Gadget{id: 1, owner: gadget_owner.clone()}); let gadget2 = Rc::new(Gadget{id: 2, owner: gadget_owner.clone()}); // Add the Gadgets to their Owner. To do this we mutably borrow from // the RefCell holding the Owner's Gadgets. gadget_owner.gadgets.borrow_mut().push(Rc::downgrade(&gadget1)); gadget_owner.gadgets.borrow_mut().push(Rc::downgrade(&gadget2)); // Iterate over our Gadgets, printing their details out for gadget_opt in gadget_owner.gadgets.borrow().iter() { // gadget_opt is a Weak<Gadget>. Since weak pointers can't guarantee // that their object is still allocated, we need to call upgrade() // on them to turn them into a strong reference. This returns an // Option, which contains a reference to our object if it still // exists. let gadget = gadget_opt.upgrade().unwrap(); println!("Gadget {} owned by {}", gadget.id, gadget.owner.name); } // At the end of the method, gadget_owner, gadget1 and gadget2 get // destroyed. There are now no strong (`Rc<T>`) references to the gadgets. // Once they get destroyed, the Gadgets get destroyed. This zeroes the // reference count on Gadget Man, they get destroyed as well. }
Structs
Rc |
A reference-counted pointer type over an immutable value. |
Weak |
A weak version of |