Struct collections::BTreeMap [−] [src]

pub struct BTreeMap<K, V> {
    root: Root<K, V>,
    length: usize,
}

A map based on a B-Tree.

B-Trees represent a fundamental compromise between cache-efficiency and actually minimizing the amount of work performed in a search. In theory, a binary search tree (BST) is the optimal choice for a sorted map, as a perfectly balanced BST performs the theoretical minimum amount of comparisons necessary to find an element (log2n). However, in practice the way this is done is very inefficient for modern computer architectures. In particular, every element is stored in its own individually heap-allocated node. This means that every single insertion triggers a heap-allocation, and every single comparison should be a cache-miss. Since these are both notably expensive things to do in practice, we are forced to at very least reconsider the BST strategy.

A B-Tree instead makes each node contain B-1 to 2B-1 elements in a contiguous array. By doing this, we reduce the number of allocations by a factor of B, and improve cache efficiency in searches. However, this does mean that searches will have to do more comparisons on average. The precise number of comparisons depends on the node search strategy used. For optimal cache efficiency, one could search the nodes linearly. For optimal comparisons, one could search the node using binary search. As a compromise, one could also perform a linear search that initially only checks every ith element for some choice of i.

Currently, our implementation simply performs naive linear search. This provides excellent performance on small nodes of elements which are cheap to compare. However in the future we would like to further explore choosing the optimal search strategy based on the choice of B, and possibly other factors. Using linear search, searching for a random element is expected to take O(B logBn) comparisons, which is generally worse than a BST. In practice, however, performance is excellent.

It is a logic error for a key to be modified in such a way that the key's ordering relative to any other key, as determined by the Ord trait, changes while it is in the map. This is normally only possible through Cell, RefCell, global state, I/O, or unsafe code.

Fields

root
length

Methods

impl<K: Ord, V> BTreeMap<K, V>

fn new() -> BTreeMap<K, V>

Makes a new empty BTreeMap with a reasonable choice for B.

fn clear(&mut self)

Clears the map, removing all values.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut a = BTreeMap::new(); a.insert(1, "a"); a.clear(); assert!(a.is_empty()); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut a = BTreeMap::new();
a.insert(1, "a");
a.clear();
assert!(a.is_empty());

fn get<Q: ?Sized>(&self, key: &Q) -> Option<&V> where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Ord

Returns a reference to the value corresponding to the key.

The key may be any borrowed form of the map's key type, but the ordering on the borrowed form must match the ordering on the key type.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); map.insert(1, "a"); assert_eq!(map.get(&1), Some(&"a")); assert_eq!(map.get(&2), None); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
map.insert(1, "a");
assert_eq!(map.get(&1), Some(&"a"));
assert_eq!(map.get(&2), None);

fn contains_key<Q: ?Sized>(&self, key: &Q) -> bool where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Ord

Returns true if the map contains a value for the specified key.

The key may be any borrowed form of the map's key type, but the ordering on the borrowed form must match the ordering on the key type.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); map.insert(1, "a"); assert_eq!(map.contains_key(&1), true); assert_eq!(map.contains_key(&2), false); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
map.insert(1, "a");
assert_eq!(map.contains_key(&1), true);
assert_eq!(map.contains_key(&2), false);

fn get_mut<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, key: &Q) -> Option<&mut V> where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Ord

Returns a mutable reference to the value corresponding to the key.

The key may be any borrowed form of the map's key type, but the ordering on the borrowed form must match the ordering on the key type.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); map.insert(1, "a"); if let Some(x) = map.get_mut(&1) { *x = "b"; } assert_eq!(map[&1], "b"); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
map.insert(1, "a");
if let Some(x) = map.get_mut(&1) {
    *x = "b";
}
assert_eq!(map[&1], "b");

fn insert(&mut self, key: K, value: V) -> Option<V>

Inserts a key-value pair into the map.

If the map did not have this key present, None is returned.

If the map did have this key present, the key is not updated, the value is updated and the old value is returned. See the module-level documentation for more.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); assert_eq!(map.insert(37, "a"), None); assert_eq!(map.is_empty(), false); map.insert(37, "b"); assert_eq!(map.insert(37, "c"), Some("b")); assert_eq!(map[&37], "c"); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
assert_eq!(map.insert(37, "a"), None);
assert_eq!(map.is_empty(), false);

map.insert(37, "b");
assert_eq!(map.insert(37, "c"), Some("b"));
assert_eq!(map[&37], "c");

fn remove<Q: ?Sized>(&mut self, key: &Q) -> Option<V> where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Ord

Removes a key from the map, returning the value at the key if the key was previously in the map.

The key may be any borrowed form of the map's key type, but the ordering on the borrowed form must match the ordering on the key type.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); map.insert(1, "a"); assert_eq!(map.remove(&1), Some("a")); assert_eq!(map.remove(&1), None); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
map.insert(1, "a");
assert_eq!(map.remove(&1), Some("a"));
assert_eq!(map.remove(&1), None);

fn range<Min: ?Sized + Ord, Max: ?Sized + Ord>(&self, min: Bound<&Min>, max: Bound<&Max>) -> Range<K, V> where K: Borrow<Min> + Borrow<Max>

Unstable (btree_range #27787)

: matches collection reform specification, waiting for dust to settle

Constructs a double-ended iterator over a sub-range of elements in the map, starting at min, and ending at max. If min is Unbounded, then it will be treated as "negative infinity", and if max is Unbounded, then it will be treated as "positive infinity". Thus range(Unbounded, Unbounded) will yield the whole collection.

Examples

#![feature(btree_range, collections_bound)] extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; use std::collections::Bound::{Included, Unbounded}; let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); map.insert(3, "a"); map.insert(5, "b"); map.insert(8, "c"); for (&key, &value) in map.range(Included(&4), Included(&8)) { println!("{}: {}", key, value); } assert_eq!(Some((&5, &"b")), map.range(Included(&4), Unbounded).next()); }
#![feature(btree_range, collections_bound)]

use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::collections::Bound::{Included, Unbounded};

let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
map.insert(3, "a");
map.insert(5, "b");
map.insert(8, "c");
for (&key, &value) in map.range(Included(&4), Included(&8)) {
    println!("{}: {}", key, value);
}
assert_eq!(Some((&5, &"b")), map.range(Included(&4), Unbounded).next());

fn range_mut<Min: ?Sized + Ord, Max: ?Sized + Ord>(&mut self, min: Bound<&Min>, max: Bound<&Max>) -> RangeMut<K, V> where K: Borrow<Min> + Borrow<Max>

Unstable (btree_range #27787)

: matches collection reform specification, waiting for dust to settle

Constructs a mutable double-ended iterator over a sub-range of elements in the map, starting at min, and ending at max. If min is Unbounded, then it will be treated as "negative infinity", and if max is Unbounded, then it will be treated as "positive infinity". Thus range(Unbounded, Unbounded) will yield the whole collection.

Examples

#![feature(btree_range, collections_bound)] extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; use std::collections::Bound::{Included, Excluded}; let mut map: BTreeMap<&str, i32> = ["Alice", "Bob", "Carol", "Cheryl"].iter() .map(|&s| (s, 0)) .collect(); for (_, balance) in map.range_mut(Included("B"), Excluded("Cheryl")) { *balance += 100; } for (name, balance) in &map { println!("{} => {}", name, balance); } }
#![feature(btree_range, collections_bound)]

use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::collections::Bound::{Included, Excluded};

let mut map: BTreeMap<&str, i32> = ["Alice", "Bob", "Carol", "Cheryl"].iter()
                                                                      .map(|&s| (s, 0))
                                                                      .collect();
for (_, balance) in map.range_mut(Included("B"), Excluded("Cheryl")) {
    *balance += 100;
}
for (name, balance) in &map {
    println!("{} => {}", name, balance);
}

fn entry(&mut self, key: K) -> Entry<K, V>

Gets the given key's corresponding entry in the map for in-place manipulation.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut count: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new(); // count the number of occurrences of letters in the vec for x in vec!["a","b","a","c","a","b"] { *count.entry(x).or_insert(0) += 1; } assert_eq!(count["a"], 3); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut count: BTreeMap<&str, usize> = BTreeMap::new();

// count the number of occurrences of letters in the vec
for x in vec!["a","b","a","c","a","b"] {
    *count.entry(x).or_insert(0) += 1;
}

assert_eq!(count["a"], 3);

impl<K, V> BTreeMap<K, V>

fn iter(&self) -> Iter<K, V>

Gets an iterator over the entries of the map, sorted by key.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); map.insert(3, "c"); map.insert(2, "b"); map.insert(1, "a"); for (key, value) in map.iter() { println!("{}: {}", key, value); } let (first_key, first_value) = map.iter().next().unwrap(); assert_eq!((*first_key, *first_value), (1, "a")); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
map.insert(3, "c");
map.insert(2, "b");
map.insert(1, "a");

for (key, value) in map.iter() {
    println!("{}: {}", key, value);
}

let (first_key, first_value) = map.iter().next().unwrap();
assert_eq!((*first_key, *first_value), (1, "a"));

fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> IterMut<K, V>

Gets a mutable iterator over the entries of the map, sorted by key.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut map = BTreeMap::new(); map.insert("a", 1); map.insert("b", 2); map.insert("c", 3); // add 10 to the value if the key isn't "a" for (key, value) in map.iter_mut() { if key != &"a" { *value += 10; } } }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
map.insert("a", 1);
map.insert("b", 2);
map.insert("c", 3);

// add 10 to the value if the key isn't "a"
for (key, value) in map.iter_mut() {
    if key != &"a" {
        *value += 10;
    }
}

fn keys<'a>(&'a self) -> Keys<'a, K, V>

Gets an iterator over the keys of the map, in sorted order.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut a = BTreeMap::new(); a.insert(2, "b"); a.insert(1, "a"); let keys: Vec<_> = a.keys().cloned().collect(); assert_eq!(keys, [1, 2]); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut a = BTreeMap::new();
a.insert(2, "b");
a.insert(1, "a");

let keys: Vec<_> = a.keys().cloned().collect();
assert_eq!(keys, [1, 2]);

fn values<'a>(&'a self) -> Values<'a, K, V>

Gets an iterator over the values of the map, in order by key.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut a = BTreeMap::new(); a.insert(1, "hello"); a.insert(2, "goodbye"); let values: Vec<&str> = a.values().cloned().collect(); assert_eq!(values, ["hello", "goodbye"]); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut a = BTreeMap::new();
a.insert(1, "hello");
a.insert(2, "goodbye");

let values: Vec<&str> = a.values().cloned().collect();
assert_eq!(values, ["hello", "goodbye"]);

fn len(&self) -> usize

Returns the number of elements in the map.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut a = BTreeMap::new(); assert_eq!(a.len(), 0); a.insert(1, "a"); assert_eq!(a.len(), 1); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut a = BTreeMap::new();
assert_eq!(a.len(), 0);
a.insert(1, "a");
assert_eq!(a.len(), 1);

fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

Returns true if the map contains no elements.

Examples

extern crate collections; fn main() { use std::collections::BTreeMap; let mut a = BTreeMap::new(); assert!(a.is_empty()); a.insert(1, "a"); assert!(!a.is_empty()); }
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut a = BTreeMap::new();
assert!(a.is_empty());
a.insert(1, "a");
assert!(!a.is_empty());

Trait Implementations

impl<K, V> Drop for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn drop(&mut self)

impl<K: Clone, V: Clone> Clone for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn clone(&self) -> BTreeMap<K, V>

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

impl<K, Q: ?Sized> Recover<Q> for BTreeMap<K, ()> where K: Borrow<Q> + Ord, Q: Ord

type Key = K

fn get(&self, key: &Q) -> Option<&K>

fn take(&mut self, key: &Q) -> Option<K>

fn replace(&mut self, key: K) -> Option<K>

impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> IntoIterator for &'a BTreeMap<K, V>

type Item = (&'a K, &'a V)

type IntoIter = Iter<'a, K, V>

fn into_iter(self) -> Iter<'a, K, V>

impl<'a, K: 'a, V: 'a> IntoIterator for &'a mut BTreeMap<K, V>

type Item = (&'a K, &'a mut V)

type IntoIter = IterMut<'a, K, V>

fn into_iter(self) -> IterMut<'a, K, V>

impl<K, V> IntoIterator for BTreeMap<K, V>

type Item = (K, V)

type IntoIter = IntoIter<K, V>

fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<K, V>

impl<K: Ord, V> FromIterator<(K, V)> for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item=(K, V)>>(iter: T) -> BTreeMap<K, V>

impl<K: Ord, V> Extend<(K, V)> for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item=(K, V)>>(&mut self, iter: T)

impl<'a, K: Ord + Copy, V: Copy> Extend<(&'a K, &'a V)> for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item=(&'a K, &'a V)>>(&mut self, iter: I)

impl<K: Hash, V: Hash> Hash for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H)

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H) where H: Hasher

impl<K: Ord, V> Default for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn default() -> BTreeMap<K, V>

impl<K: PartialEq, V: PartialEq> PartialEq for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn eq(&self, other: &BTreeMap<K, V>) -> bool

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

impl<K: Eq, V: Eq> Eq for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn assert_receiver_is_total_eq(&self)

impl<K: PartialOrd, V: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &BTreeMap<K, V>) -> Option<Ordering>

fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

impl<K: Ord, V: Ord> Ord for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn cmp(&self, other: &BTreeMap<K, V>) -> Ordering

impl<K: Debug, V: Debug> Debug for BTreeMap<K, V>

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result

impl<'a, K: Ord, Q: ?Sized, V> Index<&'a Q> for BTreeMap<K, V> where K: Borrow<Q>, Q: Ord

type Output = V

fn index(&self, key: &Q) -> &V